Ukumba

Iyini imboni yezimayini

Imboni yezimayini ihlanganisa ukuhlola, ukukhipha, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwezinsizakusebenza zezimbiwa (ezifana namalahle, uphethiloli, izinsimbi, njll.) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zamandla, izinto zezimboni, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda.

Ukumba kuhilela ukukhipha amaminerali aqinile avela ngokwemvelo (isb. amalahle namaminerali), uketshezi (isb. uwoyela ongahluziwe), noma amaminerali agesi (isb. igesi yemvelo). Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukumbiwa komhlabathi noma emgodini ovulekile, ukusebenza kwemayini, kanye nayo yonke imisebenzi yokucubungula evame ukwenziwa endaweni yemayini noma eduze kwayo - njengokuchoboza, ukugaya, ukuzuza, kanye nokwelapha - okuhloswe ngayo ukulungiselela izinto zokusetshenziswa. Kuhlanganisa nokucubungula okubalulekile kwemikhiqizo ethengiswayo. Imisebenzi efana nokuqoqwa/ukuhlanza/ukusabalalisa amanzi, ukuhlola i-geological, kanye nobunjiniyela bokwakha ayifakiwe.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwemboni (Kususelwa ku-GB/T4754-2017)

Umkhakha wezimayini uhlukaniswe kanje:

•Ukumbiwa Nokuwasha Amalahle: Ukukhishwa Nokucutshungulwa Kwemithombo Yamalahle.

•Ukukhishwa kukaphethiloli kanye negesi yemvelo: Ukukhishwa kukaphethiloli ongahluziwe kanye negesi yemvelo ogwini kanye nasogwini.

•Ukumbiwa kwensimbi okune-ferrous/non-ferrous: Ukukhishwa kwezinsimbi zensimbi (insimbi, i-manganese, i-chromium) kanye nezinsimbi ezingewona i-ferrous (ithusi, i-lead, i-zinc, njll.).

•Ukumba Okungeyona Insimbi: Ukukhishwa kwamaminerali angeyona insimbi njengesihlabathi, amatshe ayigugu, kanye ne-ore yamakhemikhali.

•Imisebenzi Yokusekela Ezimayini: Ukuhlinzeka ngosekelo lobuchwepheshe kanye nezinsizakalo zezokuthutha ukuze kukhishwe.

•Okunye Ukumbiwa Kwezimayini: Kumboza izinsiza ezikhethekile njengamandla okushisa komhlaba kanye namanzi amaminerali.

Isakhiwo Seketanga Lemboni

Uchungechunge lwenani lezimayini luhlanganisa ukuhlola, ukukhipha, ukucubungula (isb., ukugqoka insimbi, ukuncibilikisa), kanye nokuvuselela izinsiza, okuhlinzeka ngezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyisisekelo zezinhlelo zezimboni.

Izinselele Zokusebenza Kwezimayini

Ukumba kuyindawo eyinhloko yokusetshenziswa kwama-valve namapayipi, lapho izimo zokusebenza ezinzima zithinta ngqo ukukhethwa kwamapayipi, ukwakheka, kanye nesikhathi sokuphila kwawo. Ngezansi ukuhlaziywa okuhlelekile kwezinselele zokumba zamapayipi kuzo zonke izilinganiso ezine, kanye nedatha esekelayo nezibonelo:

I. Izici Zemidiya: Ukuqina Okuphezulu, Ukuguguleka Okukhulu, Ukugeleza Kwezigaba Eziningi

•Ukuqina Kwezinto Nosayizi Wezinhlayiyana:

Izinhlobo ze-Ore:Ama-ore ensimbi (i-Fe, i-Cu, i-Pb-Zn) ngokuvamile anobulukhuni obuphezulu be-Mohs (6-8). Ama-ore angewona awensimbi (i-phosphate, i-fluorite) athambile (i-Mohs 3-5), kodwa ama-tailings avame ukuqukethe ukungcola kobulukhuni obuphezulu njenge-quartz.

Ukusatshalaliswa Kwezinhlayiya:Itshe elichotshoziwe: 10-50 mm; Umsila: 0.1-5 mm; Itshe eligayiwe: <0.074 mm (ukuhambisa impuphu).

Umphumela Womthelela:Izinhlayiya ezinkulu (>20 mm) zibangela "ukuguguleka kokugaya" ekugelezeni okuphezulu; izinhlayiya ezincane (<5 mm) zibangela "ukuguguleka kokugaya." Uma zihlanganisiwe, zifinyeza kakhulu impilo yombhobho.

•Isimo Sezindaba Ezidluliselwe:

Ukugeleza Koketshezi Okuqinile (Uketshezi Oluthambile):Ekucutshungulweni okumanzi, okuqukethwe okuqinile kwe-slurry kufinyelela ku-30%-60% (isb., i-copper flotation tailings). Izithwali zoketshezi (amanzi/amakhemikhali) zisheshisa ukuguguleka kwezinhlayiya.

Ukugeleza Okuqinile Kwegesi:Ekucubungulweni/ekulawulweni kothuli okomile, isivinini somoya esingu-15-30 m/s senza izinhlayiya ezincane (uthuli lwamalahle/ore) ziguguleke ngokuphindwe kathathu kuya kahlanu kunase-slurry.

Ukugqwala:Ama-slurries aqukethe ama-sulfide (isb., i-pyrite) akha imithombo ye-acidic (pH <4) ezimweni ezinomswakama, okusheshisa ukugqwala kwensimbi.

II. Indawo Yokusebenza: Izimo Ezinzima Nezinkimbinkimbi Ezinkulu

•Izinga Lokushisa Nokucindezela:

Ukuguquguquka Kwezinga Lokushisa:Ngaphansi komhlaba: 5-35°C; Izitshalo zokugaya (ukushisa komshini): >50°C; Ama-hydrothermal deposits: >80°C.

Umthelela Wokucindezela:Amakhanda ephampu angu-100-300 m (ingcindezi engu-1-3 MPa). Izinguquko zengcindezi ezingazelelwe ekugobeni ziqinisa umthelela wezinhlayiya.

•Izithiyo Zokudlidliza Nokufakwa Kwemishini:

Imithombo Yokudlidliza:Ama-crusher, ama-ball mill (imvamisa engu-10-50 Hz, ubukhulu obungu-2-10 mm) akhulula ukuxhumana kwamapayipi futhi abangele ukuqhekeka kokukhathala emaphethelweni okushisela.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwesikhala:Imigudu emincane engaphansi komhlaba idinga ukugoba okuqinile (irediyasi R ≤ 5D), lapho amazinga okuguguleka ephakeme ngokuphindwe ka-5-8 kunezingxenye eziqondile.

III. Izimo Zemishini: Umthwalo Omningi Nokusebenza Okuqhubekayo

•Amapharamitha Esistimu Yokuthutha:

Ijubane Lokugeleza Nezinga:Itshe eliqinile: 3-5 m/s; Itshe elincane: 1.5-3 m/s. Umthamo womugqa owodwa: 1000-3000 m³/h, elidinga ukumelana nokucindezela okuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka.

Ibanga Lokuthutha:Umgodi ovulekile: amakhilomitha amaningana; Ngaphansi komhlaba: 500-2000 m. Amabanga amade abangela ukuguguleka okuhlanganayo.

•Imijikelezo Yokuqala Nokugcina:

Ukuhamba Ngebhayisikili Okuvamile:Ukulungiswa kwenqubo okusekelwe ebangeni le-ore kuholela ekuqaleni/ekumeni kwansuku zonke okungu-10-20. Ukwanda kwengcindezi yesikhashana (isando samanzi) kufinyelela ingcindezi yokusebenza ephindwe kabili-kathathu.

Amafasitela Okulungisa Okufushane:Ukuqhubeka kokukhiqiza okuphezulu kunciphisa ukuvalwa kwaminyaka yonke kube ngaphansi kwezinsuku eziyi-15, okudinga ukushintshwa kwepayipi ngokushesha.