Te maina

He aha te Ahumahi Maina

Kei roto i te umanga keri te tūhuratanga, te tangohanga, me te tukatuka i ngā rauemi kohuke (pēnei i te waro, te hinu, ngā konganuku, me ētahi atu) hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia mō te pūngao, ngā rauemi ahumahi, me te whanaketanga hanganga.

Ko te mahi keri ko te tango i ngā kohuke totoka (hei tauira, te waro me ngā kohuke), te wai (hei tauira, te hinu mata), te hau rānei (hei tauira, te hau māori). Kei roto i tēnei ko te keri i raro i te whenua, i te poka tuwhera rānei, te mahi maina, me ngā mahi tukatuka tāpiri katoa e mahia ana i te wāhi maina, i te taha rānei o te wāhi maina – pērā i te kuru, te huri, te whakangawari, me te maimoatanga – e aro ana ki te whakarite rauemi mata. Ka kapi hoki i te tukatuka nui mō ngā hua hokohoko. Kāore i te whakaurua ngā mahi pērā i te kohikohi/whakama/tohatoha wai, te rangahau whenua, me te hangarau hanga.

Whakarōpūtanga Ahumahi (I runga i te GB/T4754-2017)

E whai ake nei te whakarōpūtanga o te rāngai keri:

•Te Keri me te Horoi Waro: Te tango me te tukatuka i ngā rauemi waro.

•Te Tango Hinu me te Hau Māori: Te tango hinu mata me te hau māori i uta me tai.

•Te Keritanga o ngā Kohatu Konukura Ferrous/Kore-ferrous: Te tango i ngā konganuku ferrous (rino, manganese, chromium) me ngā konganuku kore-ferrous (parahi, mata, konutea, me ētahi atu).

•Keri Kore-whakarewa: Te tango i ngā kohuke kore-whakarewa pērā i te onepu, te kirikiri, me ngā konganuku matū.

•Ngā Mahi Tautoko Keri: Te whakarato tautoko hangarau me ngā ratonga whakarite mō te keri.

•Keritanga Kē: E kapi ana i ngā rauemi motuhake pēnei i te pūngao waiariki me te wai kohuke.

Hanganga Mekameka Ahumahi

Kei roto i te mekameka uara keri te tūhura, te tango, te tukatuka (hei tauira, te whakakakahu i te konganuku, te whakarewa), me te hangarua rauemi, e whakarato ana i ngā rauemi mata taketake mō ngā pūnaha ahumahi.

Ngā Wero Whakahaere i roto i te Keri

He kaupapa matua te keri mō ngā takirere me ngā paipa, ā, ka pā tika ngā āhuatanga mahi uaua ki te whiriwhiri, te hoahoa, me te roa o te ora o ngā paipa. Kei raro nei he tātaritanga pūnaha o ngā wero keri mō ngā paipa puta noa i ngā taha e whā, me ngā raraunga tautoko me ngā tauira:

I. Ngā Āhuatanga Pāpāho: Te Pakari Nui, Te Ārai Kino, Te Rere Maha-Wāhanga

•Te pakeke o ngā rauemi me te rahi o te matūriki:

Ngā Momo Kohatu:Ko ngā konganuku whakarewa (Fe, Cu, Pb-Zn) he pakeke rawa atu i raro i te Mohs (6-8). He ngawari ake ngā konganuku kore-whakarewa (phosphate, fluorite) (Mohs 3-5), engari he maha ngā wā kei roto i ngā toenga paru he paru pakeke rawa atu pērā i te quartz.

Te Tohatoha o te Matūriki:Kohatu pakaru: 10-50 mm; Para: 0.1-5 mm; Kohatu whenua: <0.074 mm (te kawe paura).

Pānga Pānga:Ka puta te "kakahu keri" i ngā rerenga tere-rahi i ngā matūriki nunui (>20 mm); ka puta te "kakahu keri" i ngā awaawa o ngā matūriki iti (<5 mm). Ka whakapotohia te roa o te ora o ngā paipa ina huihuia.

•Āhua o te Pāpāho i Tukuna:

Rere Totoka-Wai (Paraoa):I roto i te tukatuka mākū, ka eke te nui o te paru totoka ki te 30%-60% (hei tauira, ngā para parahi e mānu ana). Ka tere ake te memeha o ngā matūriki nā ngā kaikawe wai (wai/matū).

Rere Hau-Toka:I roto i te tukatuka maroke/te whakahaere puehu, mā te tere hau o te 15-30 m/s ka nui ake te horo o ngā matūriki angiangi (puehu waro/kohatu) i te 3-5 ngā wā i tō te paru.

Te waikura:Ka hangaia he wai waikawa (pH <4) e ngā para kei roto ngā whanariki (hei tauira, te pyrite) i roto i ngā āhuatanga makuku, ka tere ake te waikura o te konganuku.

II. Taiao Whakahaere: Ngā Āhuatanga Tino Raru me ngā Uauatanga

•Te Pāmahana me te Pēhanga:

Te Hurihuri o te Pāmahana:I raro i te whenua: 5-35°C; Ngā whare huri (wera mīhini): >50°C; Ngā putunga waiariki: >80°C.

Pānga Pēhanga:Ngā pane papu o te 100-300 m (te pēhanga 1-3 MPa). Ka kaha ake te pānga o te matūriki nā te huringa ohorere o te pēhanga i ngā piko.

•Ngā Here o te Wiri Ā-Mīhini me te Tāutanga:

Ngā Pūtake Wiri:Ka wetekina ngā hononga paipa e ngā mīhini kuru, ngā mira pōro (auau 10-50 Hz, kaha 2-10 mm) ā, ka puta he kapiti ngenge i ngā taha whakarewa.

Ngā Herenga o te Wāhi:Me whai piko kikī (rōdius R ≤ 5D) ngā kauhanga whaiti o raro whenua, ā, e 5-8 ngā wā teitei ake ai te tere pakaru i ngā wāhanga tika.

III. Ngā Āhuatanga Taputapu: Te Utaina Teitei me te Mahi Tonu

•Ngā Tawhā Pūnaha Kawe:

Te Tere me te Auau o te Rere:Kohatu matotoru: 3-5 m/s; Parapara angiangi: 1.5-3 m/s. Kaha o te raina kotahi: 1000-3000 m³/h, he ātete ki te pēhanga teitei me te ātete ki te kakahu.

Te Tawhiti o te Kawe:Runga tuwhera: he maha ngā kiromita; Runga whenua: 500-2000 m. Ka pakaru haere ngā mea i ngā tawhiti roa.

•Ngā Huringa Tīmata-Whakamutu me te Tiaki:

Te Pahikara Auau:Ngā whakarerekētanga tukanga i runga i te mata o te kōeke o te konganuku ki te 10-20 tīmatanga/mutu i ia rā. Ka eke ngā pikinga pēhanga wā poto (hama wai) ki te 2-3 ngā whakarea o te pēhanga mahi.

Ngā Matapihi Tiaki Poto:Nā te nui o te haere tonu o te whakaputanga, ka iti iho i te 15 ngā rā e kati ai ā-tau, ā, me tere te whakakapi i ngā paipa.