Haƙar ma'adinai

Menene Masana'antar Haƙar Ma'adinai?

Masana'antar haƙar ma'adinai ta ƙunshi bincike, haƙowa, da sarrafa albarkatun ma'adinai (kamar kwal, man fetur, ƙarfe, da sauransu) don biyan buƙatun makamashi, kayan masana'antu, da haɓaka kayayyakin more rayuwa.

Haƙar ma'adinai ya ƙunshi haƙar ma'adanai na halitta (misali, kwal da ma'adanai), ruwa (misali, ɗanyen mai), ko iskar gas (misali, iskar gas). Wannan ya haɗa da haƙar ma'adinai a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko a buɗe, aikin haƙar ma'adinai, da duk ayyukan sarrafa kayan aiki na baya-bayan nan da ake gudanarwa a ko kusa da wurin haƙar ma'adinai - kamar niƙa, niƙa, gyara, da kuma magance su - da nufin shirya kayan aiki masu mahimmanci. Hakanan ya shafi sarrafa kayan aiki masu mahimmanci don samfuran da za a iya tallatawa. An cire ayyukan kamar tattara/tsarkakewa/rarraba ruwa, binciken ƙasa, da injiniyan gini.

Rarraba Masana'antu (Dangane da GB/T4754-2017)

An rarraba fannin hakar ma'adinai kamar haka:

•Haƙar Kwal da Wankewa: Haƙowa da sarrafa albarkatun kwal.

•Haƙo Mai da Iskar Gas: Haƙo ɗanyen mai da iskar gas daga teku da kuma daga teku.

•Haƙar Ma'adinan Karfe/Ba na ƙarfe ba: Haƙar ƙarfe (ƙarfe, manganese, chromium) da ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe (jan ƙarfe, gubar, zinc, da sauransu).

•Haƙar ma'adinai mara ƙarfe: Haƙar ma'adanai marasa ƙarfe kamar yashi, tsakuwa, da ma'adanai masu guba.

•Ayyukan Tallafawa Ma'adinai: Samar da tallafin fasaha da ayyukan dabaru don haƙowa.

•Sauran Haƙar Ma'adinai: Yana rufe albarkatu na musamman kamar makamashin ƙasa da ruwan ma'adinai.

Tsarin Sarkar Masana'antu

Silsilar darajar haƙar ma'adinai ta haɗa da bincike, haƙowa, sarrafawa (misali, miyar ma'adinai, narkar da ma'adinai), da sake amfani da albarkatu, wanda ke samar da kayan aiki na asali ga tsarin masana'antu.

Kalubalen Aiki a fannin hakar ma'adinai

Haƙar ma'adinai muhimmin yanki ne na aikace-aikacen bawuloli da bututun mai, inda yanayi mai tsauri na aiki ke shafar zaɓin bututun mai, ƙira, da tsawon rayuwarsa kai tsaye. A ƙasa akwai nazarin tsari na ƙalubalen haƙar ma'adinai na bututun mai a fannoni huɗu, tare da bayanai da misalai masu goyan baya:

I. Halayen Kafofin Watsa Labarai: Babban Tauri, Tsananin Ragewa, Guduwar matakai da yawa

•Taurin Kayan Aiki & Girman Barbashi:

Nau'in Ma'adinai:Ma'adanai na ƙarfe (Fe, Cu, Pb-Zn) galibi suna da taurin Mohs mai yawa (6-8). Ma'adanai marasa ƙarfe (phosphate, fluorite) suna da laushi (Mohs 3-5), amma wutsiya galibi suna ɗauke da ƙazanta masu ƙarfi kamar quartz.

Rarraba Ƙwayoyin Cuku:Ma'adinan da aka niƙa: 10-50 mm; Wutsiya: 0.1-5 mm; Ma'adinan ƙasa: <0.074 mm (abin da ke ɗauke da foda).

Tasirin Tasiri:Manyan ƙwayoyin cuta (>20 mm) suna haifar da "lalacewar ƙasusuwa" a cikin kwararar ruwa mai sauri; ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (<5 mm) suna haifar da "lalacewar ƙasusuwa." Idan aka haɗa su, suna rage tsawon rayuwar bututun.

•Yanayin Kafafen Yada Labarai da aka Bayyana:

Gudun Ruwa Mai Tauri (Slurry):A fannin sarrafa danshi, sinadarin slurry mai tauri yana kaiwa kashi 30%-60% (misali, wutsiyoyin jan ƙarfe). Masu ɗaukar ruwa (ruwa/sinadarai) suna hanzarta zaftarewar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Gudun Iskar Gas:A fannin sarrafa busassun iska/kura, saurin iska na mita 15-30/s yana sa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (ƙurar kwal/ma'adinai) su fi lalata iska sau 3-5 fiye da na slurry.

Lalacewa:Slurries masu ɗauke da sulfides (misali, pyrite) suna samar da sinadarin acidic (pH <4) a yanayin danshi, wanda ke hanzarta lalata ƙarfe.

II. Muhalli na Aiki: Yanayi Mai Tsanani da Rikice-rikice

•Zafin jiki & Matsi:

Sauyin Zafin Jiki:Zafin ƙasa: 5-35°C; Masana'antar niƙa (zafin inji): >50°C; Ma'adinan hydrothermal: >80°C.

Tasirin Matsi:Kan famfo na mita 100-300 (matsin lamba 1-3 MPa). Canje-canjen matsin lamba kwatsam a lanƙwasa yana ƙara tasirin barbashi.

•Takamaiman Girgizawa da Shigarwa na Inji:

Tushen Girgiza:Masu niƙa ƙwallo, injin niƙa ƙwallo (mita 10-50 Hz, girman 2-10 mm) suna sassauta haɗin bututun kuma suna haifar da fashewar gajiya a gefunan walda.

Iyakokin Sarari:Raƙuman ramukan ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna buƙatar lanƙwasawa masu ƙarfi (radius R ≤ 5D), inda ƙimar lalacewa ta ninka sau 5-8 fiye da sassan madaidaiciya.

III. Yanayin Kayan Aiki: Babban Lodi & Ci gaba da Aiki

•Sigogi na Tsarin Jigilar Kaya:

Gudun Gudawa & Ƙimar Gudawa:Ma'adanin ƙasa mai kauri: 3-5 m/s; Ƙaramin ruwa: 1.5-3 m/s. Ikon layi ɗaya: 1000-3000 m³/h, yana buƙatar juriyar matsin lamba da juriyar lalacewa.

Nisa Zuwa:Buɗaɗɗen rami: kilomita da yawa; Karkashin ƙasa: mita 500-2000. Nisa mai nisa yana haifar da lalacewa mai yawa.

•Kewaye da Gyaran Fara-Tsaya:

Keke akai-akai:Daidaitawar tsari bisa ga ma'aunin ma'adinai yana haifar da farawa/tsayawa sau 10-20 a rana. Hawan matsin lamba na ɗan lokaci (gudumawar ruwa) yana kaiwa matsin lamba sau 2-3 a aiki.

Tagogi Masu Gajeru:Ci gaba da samar da kayayyaki yana iyakance rufewar kowace shekara zuwa ƙasa da kwanaki 15, wanda ke buƙatar maye gurbin bututun mai cikin sauri.